In this unit, we explore two types of learningoperant and respondent conditioning. With respondent conditioning, individuals emit reflexive behavior in the presence of certain stimuli. With operant conditioning, behaviors continue to occur, or not, due to the consequences that follow them. As behavior analysts, we frequently use operant conditioning to teach new behaviors (and eliminate old behaviors) by manipulating the consequences that follow them. Respondent conditioning is also used by behavior analysts, for example, by establishing various reinforcers through pairing of stimuli.

For this assignment, complete the following:

1. Define operant and respondent conditioning.
2. Describe the similarities and differences between these two types of learning.
3. Provide two real-world, detailed examples of operant conditioning and two real-world, detailed examples of respondent conditioning.

Assignment Requirements

Written communication: Should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
APA formatting: References and citations are formatted according to current APA style guidelines.
Resources: Minimum of 12 scholarly or professional resources.
Length: 23 double-spaced pages, in addition to the title page, abstract, and reference page. Include keywords on the abstract page
Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.

In this unit, we explore two types of learningoperant and respondent conditioning. With respondent conditioning, individuals emit reflexive behavior in the presence of certain stimuli. With operant conditioning, behaviors continue to occur, or not, due to the consequences that follow them. As behavior analysts, we frequently use operant conditioning to teach new behaviors (and eliminate old behaviors) by manipulating the consequences that follow them. Respondent conditioning is also used by behavior analysts, for example, by establishing various reinforcers through pairing of stimuli.

For this assignment, complete the following:

1. Define operant and respondent conditioning.
2. Describe the similarities and differences between these two types of learning.
3. Provide two real-world, detailed examples of operant conditioning and two real-world, detailed examples of respondent conditioning.

Assignment Requirements

Written communication: Should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
APA formatting: References and citations are formatted according to current APA style guidelines.
Resources: Minimum of 12 scholarly or professional resources.
Length: 23 double-spaced pages, in addition to the title page, abstract, and reference page. Include keywords on the abstract page
Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.

Describe how you will use psychology in your personal life.

Describe how you will use psychology in your professional life.

Describe how you will use psychology in your academic careers.

Explain any overlap in any of the characteristics, including anything that applies to all three areas.

Use two to three scholarly resources to support your explanations. The textbook and other relevant resources should be cited when describing topics from the semester and how they apply to personal, professional, and academic careers.

There are some schools of thought that do not believe in the efficacy of counseling and psychotherapy. Tan (2011) in Counseling and Psychotherapy concludes his work by exploring Is Psychotherapy Effective? (p. 389). What are your thoughts on Tans approach? Why is research a crucial component in exploring effectiveness in clinical practice? What steps can you take to maintain a research-informed approach throughout your career?

Chapter 17 and the Appendix (Is Psychotherapy Effective?) of Counseling and Psychotherapy (pp. 374400).

Briefly summarize the findings from each article.

Based upon the information read, discuss if eyewitness testimony is reliable or unreliable.

Connect your research to a memory theory discussed in Chapter 7 of your textbook. Attached is a page from the textbook.

When writing in APA style, it is important that your analysis is written in third person. Writing in third person, using support from the article to support your position, helps with clarity and conciseness throughout your paper.

Students will conduct an interview with a mental health professional to gain an in-depth understanding of how classroom knowledge applies in practice. Students will produce a presentation that includes, but is not limited to, the following elements:

The role of the mental health practitioner
The education and licensure of the practitioner
The area of practice of the practitioner
The number of years the practitioner has worked in his/her field.
The type of clients treated (including types of presenting challenges, voluntary or involuntary, age range, and other relevant demographics)
The theories and therapeutic approaches most often utilized by the practitioner
The most important components of the therapeutic relationships
The practitioners approach to professional development
How does the practitioner care for self?
What was his/her journey like from novice to seasoned practitioner?
What advice can the practitioner provide to students as they enter the field?

Provide a comprehensive presentation. Presentations should be approximately 20 slides in length and will be graded on content, as well as professionalism and complexity. Students should incorporate at least one other element (class activity, or video clip).

In the science of behavior analysis there are two types of conditioning. Respondent behaviors can be thought of as reflexes that are elicited by stimuli. While operant behaviors can be thought of as behaviors that are maintained by environmental consequences and evoked by environmental stimuli.

Describe a behavior you engaged in today that was an operant behavior. Also, describe a behavior that you have emitted that would be considered a respondent behavior.
Explain how the operant behavior example differs from the respondent behavior example.
Based on your understanding so far, how could we use operant conditioning in ABA therapy?

For the literature review assignment you will be required to:

1) Select an area of research in the health sciences:
Mental health in high-performance athletes
– Introduction
– Depression
– Anxiety
– Eating disorders
– Table
– Conclusion

2) Explain to the reader why this area of research is important. This may be at the local, provincial, national, or global level.

4) Synthesize the information from the reviewed literature. For example, do not just report each article in turn but summarize similar methods and findings etc.

5) Discuss the methodologies and/or theoretical bases of the reviewed articles. Include the strengths and weaknesses of the articles in your literature review.

6) Use tables and/or figures to effectively present information in your literature review.

7) Make sure references are presented in the text and at the end of the paper. It does not matter what reference style you use as long as it is correct and consistent.

8) IMPORTANTLY, include the gaps in the literature identified in your review and the future directions for research in this area. Conclude the paper by answering the following questions: a) what study(ies) could be conducted to advance knowledge in this area?
b) Why would this/these study(ies) be important?

Just need to write the introduction and here is the required references:
1. Gorczynski, P. F., Coyle, M., & Gibson, K. (2017). Depressive symptoms in high-performance athletes and non-athletes: A comparative meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(18), 1348. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096455

2. kesdotter, C., Kentt, G., Eloranta, S., & Franck, J. (2019). The prevalence of mental health problems in elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.022

3. Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., Toussaint, J.-F. (2011). Psychological Balance in High Level Athletes: Gender-Based Differences and Sport-Specific Patterns. PLoS ONE, 6(5). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019007

4. Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K., & Christensen, H. (2012). Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking for young elite athletes: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1). doi: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-157

Discussion 4, main post

Ancient histories have brought us foundational principles which are still active today in therapeutic consulting rooms, with or without critical attention to them, and with important consequences for how we care for others.  For instance, whether the self is a think or a process, how the relation of matter and form, or physicality and spirit, shape how we understand body and mind, whether causation is inherent as a law of nature or imposed on it, the relation of inner experience and the objective world, and what is considered the good life. Pick one ancient concept, whether Western, Eastern, Caribbean, African, Indigenous, and discussion how you see it live today.

Clara respond to the post

For Scalambrino (2018), the ancient Western concept of anima, the root word of animation, can be considered in relation to the ancient concept of the soul, in view of theological interpretations of the psyche, and in view of ancient Greek philosophy.  Anima (and animus) can be seen to live today in Jungian approaches taken in Analytical psychology.  Barone-Chapman (2014) suggests that the concepts of anima and animus in Jungian Analytical psychology can be considered in view of masculine and feminine behavior, choices, and expression and patriarchal bias toward the area of womanhood (i.e., female inferiority).
Orchard (2016) explains that the archetypes of the anima and animus according to (post) Jungian theory are present in our psychic structure.  An Archetype can be considered as inherited with our brain structure, an inherited mode of psychic functioning a pattern of behavior (Orchard, 2016, p. 28).  It can be that an archetype gives energy to certain ways of being (p. 28) which can, for example, urge a woman toward the development of an idea, a purpose in life, and the way to express herself in the world (Orchard, 2016, p. 28).  An archetype can be considered shared in our collective unconscious layer across cultures which can include in archetypes such as fairytales and myths. 
Barone-Chapman (2014) suggests that concepts of anima and animus as they appear in the form of a complex or diagnosis in Analytical psychology and Psychanalysis can be considered to frame women as separate from her experiences (e.g., considered in view of terms such as animus ridden, anima woman).  And are considered with regard to feminine diseases such as such as depression, promiscuity, paranoia, eating disorders, self-mutilation, panic attacks, and suicide attempts, whether reported/treated or not, are all female role rituals (Barone-Chapman, 2014, p. 15).  It may also be that in view of Barone-Chapmans (2014) interpretation, the concept of anima lives today in our engagement with feminist thought to include in the area of gender and identity.

References

Barone-Chapman M. (2014). Gender legacies of Jung and Freud as epistemology in emergent feminist research on late motherhood. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 4(1), 1430. doi:10.3390/bs4010014
Orchard, J. P. (2016). Trauma and the animus complex: Working toward a healthy animus-self relationship (Order No. 10259254). Available from Psychology Database. (1879382818). Retrieved from https://tcsedsystem.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.tcsedsystem.idm.oclc.org/docview/1879382818?accountid=34120
Scalambrino, F. (2018). Philosophical principles of the history and systems of psychology: Essential distinctions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.