Respond to two colleagues:

Evaluate an identified limitation your colleague may encounter when relying on intuition or personal experience in making decisions about an intervention plan.

Colleague 1
RE: Discussion 2 – Week 1
COLLAPSE
I understand the comparison of the two situations. However, I feel as though in my line of work the options are different than in a medical professionals line of work. I work as a case worker for CPS. I work with families after their children have been removed from the home. A lot of what I do for these families are based on their needs, resources available, and court orders. While I do utilized strength based practice in the way I interact with these families and I often look back on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs when dealing with the children. I would not say that I generally use any social work theories. I am not super versed on social work theories if I am being honest. Most of what I do is based on my experience, knowing the resources available, and what I would refer to as common sense but you can call it intuition. However if  my doctor is treating me, you better believe I want tests ran to back up any gut feelings he has. Turner stated that “without such an understanding, practice remains in the realm of guesswork” (2011, pg. 9).  I understand this conclusion, however I also see that we send our families to therapist and psychologist/psychiatrist to be evaluated. While I evaluate the family’s needs and strength based on the removal affidavit and conversations with the family, I would not say I utilize any particular theories while doing so. I could be wrong.

I hope in this class to learn more about theories that I may utilize without even knowing it.

Reference

Turner, F. (2011). Theory and social work treatment. In social work treatment: Interlocking theoretical approaches (5th ed., pp. 3-13) New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

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Colleague 2
RE: Discussion 2 – Week 1
COLLAPSE
In the two different situations presented, there were only a few differences. In the first situation, I relied more on my professional and personal experiences as well as what other professionals had suggested with examples, provided via their cases as well as data in various research. Where there was a difference in these two situations, rested more on the other situation. I believe these choices differed based on several factors. For example, when working with a client, you rely on them to let you know how something is working, if they believe something is helpful or they are following through on a suggestion or a step you provided, you tend to have to go based off of their self-reporting, or that of another social worker or other person involved in their treatment. In contrast, in the second situation, a medical doctor often as other ways of being able to tell if treatment is working effectively, such as through blood tests and other labs.

              When following ones intuition or personal experience, there are several advantages; when following your own experiences, you can share not only your own successes or struggles, you are also sharing your personality which can be an asset when building repour. An additional advantage to sharing personal experiences is that it falls under two of the National Association of Social Workers code of ethics; dignity and worth of the person and importance of human relationships. (NASW, 2017). When a social worker shares their personal experiences, they are engaging in the importance of human relationships by helping the client view the social worker as a person and helps to limit some imbalance of power. The additional ethical consideration of the dignity of the person is that it allows the client to not feel so alone in a problem or problem behaviors along as gives hope to the client and sets an example.  While personal experiences are great for helping build repour with clients, and an excellent place to start with various interventions and treatment, it is also essential for a social worker to be mindful and realize when self-disclose is appropriate and done professionally.

              The advantages of using theories and research evidence are just as vast as utilizing personal experiences. The advantages of using evidence-based research and various theories are that the studies or ideas are backed by data; the data can help a social worker decided what is the best intervention or type of treatment as well as gives the social worker and their team an idea of the success rate.          A disadvantage to solely using evidenced-based research and theories is that they can limit the way a social worker views a client, for example, clients are humans who have multiple intersections and are not just a statistic in data.

Work cited

About. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English

An Introduction to Use of Self in Field Placement. (2014, August 28). Retrieved from https://www.socialworker.com/feature-articles/field-placement/An_Introduction_to_Use_of_Self_in_Field_Placement/

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Qualitative Article Review

Dennis, C. L., & Vigod, S. (2013). The relationship between postpartum depression, domestic violence, childhood violence, and substance use: Epidemiologic study of a large community sample. Violence against Women, 19(4), 503-517. DOI: 10.1177/1077801213487057

Title

After reading the entire article, do you think the title adequately describes the study? Does the title catch your attention? Please explain.

Based on the contents delivered by the article, I can say that the title of the article, The relationship between postpartum depression, domestic violence, childhood violence, and substance use: Epidemiologic study of a large community sample, adequately describes the study in question. One aspect of the title that specifically stands out is its descriptive formatting. The subject of the article is sufficiently hinted to reveal the primary focus of the study. The descriptive title succinctly announces the studys topic in a way that the reader anticipates what they expect to find in the article. Even though the title may lack creativity and flair, on the contrary, it comes up as appropriate and vivid. It caught my attention the moment I read it and I yearned to read the contents therein.

Abstract

Does the abstract contain the recommended content (see Abstract, pp. 314, in Yegidis et al.)? How difficult do you think it is to summarize so much information in 150250 words? Please explain.

The abstract of this article applies an informational form of an abstract. This comes out by the fact that it communicates, in brief, the content, purpose, research method used, scope, and the findings of the study. In so doing, the abstract leaves the greatest decision to the reader as to whether or not to read the report. Based on the features of an informational abstract, the abstract contains the recommended content.

Writing an abstract can prove to be a tough exercise. Summarizing an exhaustive article content in few words, commands careful selection of words and, at the same time ensuring all the required information is captured in brief. Elements such as the purpose of the study, the problem the study intends to solve, methodology applied, findings, and implications must be tackled creatively to give the reader a reason to read the entire report. Covering all the information included in an article in 150 -250 words demands a good grasp of the articles content and the ability to articulate the intentions and purpose of the article briefly. A poor abstract communicates the incompetence of the author and lack of attention to quality.

Introduction

Why did the authors conduct this study and write this article? What was the problem of interest or concern? Be specific. Use quotes and paraphrases with citations. What audience might be interested in this study?

The author conducted the study to investigate the contribution that interpersonal violence and substance use may have towards predicting postpartum depressive symptoms. The study was inspired by the need to mitigate depression cases that have grown to be a serious concern in todays society. Exploring the experiences of depression is one way of unraveling why other occurrences occur, including domestic violence, childhood violence, and substance use. As evident from the study, the author keenly focuses on assessing the prevalence of depressive symptomatology in women. The focus spreads to how such factors as interpersonal violence and substance abuse contribute to the occurrence. The purpose of this community-based study was to determine the contribution of both interpersonal violence (past and current) and substance use (personal and partner) to the prediction of clinically significant depressive symptomatology in women (Dennis & Vigod, 2013). Healthcare institutions, physicians, women at the risk of developing depression, and the overall community may find this study interesting since it tackles one of the most pressing challenges facing society today. 

Do you feel the problem is significant enough to warrant a journal article? Did you have a so what reaction? If so, why do you think it was accepted for publication? Please justify your position.

A journal article details information regarding a specific topic by an expert in the field under study. The problem of depression, substance use, and child violence forms some of the most pressing concerns facing society, which makes them significant enough to be researched in depth. To express it differently, the problem under investigation casts light on the link between depression, domestic and childhood violence, and substance abuse, which promotes a better understanding of some of the challenging phenomena facing women in our societies today. In this connection, examining the problem can offer significant insights into the subject area and considerably affect the target audience.

To what extent does the literature presented in the introduction help you understand the problem? How does the literature reviewed put the problem in context? Be specific.

The literature presented in the article greatly helps me to understand the subject matter in several ways. First, the study expounds on my understanding of the association between childhood violence and substance abuse and the rate of postpartum depressive symptomatology. According to the literature, women who are exposed to violence are highly likely to report postpartum depression compared to those who experience none at all. Similarly, the article cites a history of interpersonal violence as a significant predictor of depression cases, especially among women in the perinatal period. However, as the literature suggests, physical discipline from a parent is the only strong predictor of postpartum depressive symptoms. Second, the literature promotes a better understanding of the link between childhood interpersonal violence and significant depressive illnesses. As the literature maintains, children exposed to violence develop long-lasting neurobiological changes that make them highly vulnerable to major depressive illnesses. In this case, the article stretches the argument that links psychological and physical parenting stress occurring during the postpartum period to increased women’s vulnerability to depressive episodes and poor puerperal transition. Lastly, the literature promotes a better understanding of why depressed persons are more likely to abuse substances compared to non-depressed ones. Depressive symptoms push one to abuse substance, a clear indication of why postpartum depressive symptoms are consistent with substance abuse, especially among women. Tackling distinct subject areas that touch on depressive cases offers significant insights that enhance the understanding of the problem under investigation.

Does the researcher indicate how this research is different from and/or similar to earlier ones reported in the literature? Summarize what this article intends to add to the knowledge base.

From the literature, the study highlights areas where the research coincides and differs from other studies conducted in a similar subject area. A longitudinal study conducted by Leung, Kung, Lam, Leung, and Ho (2002), showed a positive relationship between postpartum depression and victims of physical and sexual abuse. In their study, it was observed that those women who had experienced verbal abuse over the past year registered higher EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) scores compared to those who experienced none at all. The studys findings conformed to the results of Leung, Kung, Lam, Leung, and Ho (2002) linking interpersonal violence to depressive episodes. However, the studys findings appear inconsistent with a previous study done on the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking and postpartum depression. Previous studies demonstrate that cigarette smoking correlates highly with significant depression (Lindeman et al., 2000; Quattrocki, Baird, & Yurgelun-Todd, 2000). This study’s findings differ with Dennis and Vigod (2013) findings in that it does not identify any association between cigarette smoking and major depressive symptoms. However, the study shows a direct correlation between maternal substance abuse and postpartum depression. The article intends to add to the knowledge base the risks of maternal postpartum depression and the need for detecting postpartum depressive symptoms early for enhanced maternal-infant interaction.

Do the authors state their research questions and/or hypotheses? What are the hypotheses or focused research questions?

The article does not directly state the research questions, although, from the study’s analysis, the author highlights suggestive findings that might have guided their experiments. The parameters, namely, whether depressive symptomatology is linked to childhood violence, whether interpersonal violence is a predictor of major depression, and whether substance abuse is associated with depressive symptoms, can be phrased as research questions although they do not surface straightaway in the study.

Methods

What specific qualitative method is used? How does a qualitative research design correspond with the research questions? Can you determine whether the design was appropriate? To what extent can the design answer the research questions?
Elaborate.

From the study, the use of questionnaires was used as research measures. The data collection method is described clearly to allow for replication as a way to ensure the studys findings are reliable and valid. Most importantly, replication is crucial to test whether the same research would provide consistent results if it was performed again, thereby improving the chances of the studys applicability.

What were the key concepts being explored in the study? What measures or observations were used in the research? Explain why you do, or do not, think that the methods used to collect the data are described clearly enough to allow for replication. Be specific, and please elaborate.

The key concepts being investigated in the study included the prevalence of abuse (woman and child abuse), maternal substance use, and paternal substance use. The primary reasons for including these concepts were to assess the likelihood of experiencing depressive symptoms because of violence and the link between violence and substance abuse.

How was research reactivity and bias managed in the study?

Bias and reactivity in research is a common occurrence and can pose a significant risk towards the studys findings and application. The study in question did not escape the two aspects (bias and reactivity) despite managing each. The research managed bias by reactivity through viewing more data sources (as evident in numerous studies referenced). Besides, the researchers further did so by exploring additional explanations that were contextually applicable to explain conflicting findings. Participant reactivity was managed by ensuring the participants understand that their data was treated as confidential and that the information offered was done in a judgment-free manner.

Explain whether or not information was provided concerning the credibility and trustworthiness of the measures or observations. Was this information adequate? Be specific.

Even though there is no information provided on credibility and trustworthiness, the random assignment of the participants to groups and the presence of a control group affirm its credibility. Furthermore, the study also used reliable tools such as the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) form and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).

In terms of trustworthiness, the reliability, credibility, transferability, and dependability of the study affirm that the study is trustworthy. It is also carried out according to the protocols of research from participant recruitment, selection, and data collection to analysis and reporting.

What strategies were used to establish credibility?

To establish research credibility, the study utilized research published in reputable scientific journals and reported the studys findings without bias.

Was there evidence of an audit trail and/or peer consultation on the project?

There is no mention as to whether there was an audit trail or peer consultation on the project. However, for the journal article to be published in a peer-reviewed journal, there is a possibility that there was peer consultation prior to the research. Specifically, the authors in their literature review identified some gaps in research that informed the scope of their study.

Sample

How were the participants recruited or selected for the study? What sampling

strategy was used? Did the author(s) offer any justification for the sample

size? Are you satisfied with the information reported about the sample? What

questions might you have about the sample that were not addressed? Please

be sure to provide an explanation for all of your answers.

The recruitment of the participants followed a careful selection plan that required the respondents approved from the university ethics committee and study authorization in the participating health region. The studys selection criterion was women with at least 18 years and with a good understanding of the English language. A simple random sampling method was applied whereby the participants had an equal probability of being selected, provided they met all the required qualifications. However, the study does not offer any justification for the sample size taken, although one might question whether the rest of the sample not considered could have in any way influence the outcomes of the study.

Are the demographics of the participants (e.g., background characteristics such as age, race, etc.) described in sufficient detail? If so, how is the presentation of this descriptive data useful in evaluating the research? If not, please explain how that may affect the evaluation of the research.

The demographics of the participants greatly factored gender, age, and race, whereby, in this case, women with a mean age of 28.5 years and Caucasian were used. Other demographics included education, income, frequency of delivery, mode of delivery, and history of depression. The presentation of this descriptive data was paramount since they directly relate to exposure to substance use and interpersonal violence. The demographics were similarly important since they gave the study a room to focus on other likely factors (mode of delivery and frequency) that are likely to influence the studys outcomes (influence towards postpartum depression).

Was the sample reflective of the population from which it was drawn? Is representativeness important in this research? Please explain.

The sample was representative of the whole population due to the broad demographic categories utilized. A representative sample was important to allow the study to generalize the studys findings from the sample to the population. Besides, the representative sample for the study was important to avoid bias that would have otherwise mislead the findings and a consequent wrong practice, especially in the clinical setting.

Please explain any ethical concerns you may have about the sample and how
the sample was recruited.

The primary ethical sample about the sample is the confidentiality of the participants and the processes used to determine sexual abuse and other cases of humiliation. From the study, the participants were recruited through credible bodies (university ethics committee and involved health region), a situation that depicts ethical considerations during the selection exercise. The measures used during recruitment do not raise ethical concerns as proper ethical channels were followed.

Results

How were the data analyzed? (What qualitative data analysis technique was used?)

A descriptive data analysis technique is used to analyze the data. In this case, the relationship between the EPDS scores and ALPHA scores is investigated and consequently used to predict depression symptoms among the target group. The context of the study is adequately described since descriptions to support the findings are adequately availed. Here, the study several relationships are tested, including that of violence and substance abuse and likely predictors of depressive symptomatology. From the context of the study, the study corroborates its findings through thick descriptions as the participant behaviors are assessed and patterns of social relationships (substance abuse and violence) put into context to understand the depression trends.

How extensive or thick were the descriptions supporting findings? Was the context adequately described?

Entirely, the descriptions supporting the findings were extra thick or extensive. As evident in the discussion section, the researchers discussed each of the correlations in-depth, and at some point, they also used literature to support or contrast their findings.

How did the researchers corroborate their findings? For example, were triangulation, member checking, or thick descriptions used? If so, please explain how it was used. If not, explain what you would recommend to corroborate the findings.

In the context of the research, thick descriptions were used to corroborate the findings. The researcher elucidates the research processes, including the context and data collection, which ensures that the findings are of high quality. I would have recommended triangulation where the researchers use a combination of methods of data collection, like for instance, a questionnaire and a focus group or interview, to confirm the findings. Cross-validation of the research findings before making a conclusion is a valuable mechanism of cementing credibility and trustworthiness of a study.

To what degree do you find the research procedures increased the trustworthiness of the findings?

The degree at which the research procedures increased the trustworthiness of the findings is satisfactory. The research follows an appropriate research procedure from sample selection to data analysis. Again, the study references its findings with other previously done studies as a way of demonstrating consistency with the already established outcomes.

Explain how easy or difficult it was for you to understand the reporting of results. What questions do you have after reading the results section? Please elaborate.

Even though the researchers have strived to report the results in an easy to understand format, the results section leaves much to be desired. It would be challenging to convince a ready from the onset. Therefore, it would be prudent for the authors to consider using visual representations of the findings such as pie charts or graphs to depict the established relationships easily and conveniently.

Were the findings transferable, applicable, or useful for your population, setting or area of practice? What are the limits of transferability?

The findings are transferable. First off, they are consistent with previous literature that focuses on interpersonal violence among new mothers. Interpersonal violence is a ubiquitous problem that only differs in scale. The fact that the researchers pointed out that some of the independent and dependent variables make it transferable. The study helps to screen postpartum depression at the community level, everywhere and anywhere.

Do you feel the results of this study have meaning for social work practitioners or managers? Please elaborate.

Overall, the findings appear useful to the clinical practice area or social work practitioners since it provides additional insights on specific areas that can be addressed to avoid depressive episodes, especially among women.

Discussion

Explain whether or not the authors made sense of their data in the discussion section. Explain why you think the conclusions are (or are not) reasonable.

The authors made sense in their data as they focus on expressing relationships between different factors to depression. In this case, the study expounds on the findings of the study by examining other similar studies conducted to investigate the same phenomenon. Due to high consultations of other works, the conclusions arrived at are reasonable, and best communicates the objectives of the research.
Did the authors discuss the limitations of their study? Did they stay within the limitations of their findings, or did they make more of their findings than was warranted? Please elaborate.

The study similarly communicates the limitations of the study and strives to stay within the limitations of their findings. In this case, the author highlights the distinct areas the study is limited and suggests ways the study could have been promoted if the research was broader.

Did the author(s) suggest issues that future research should consider? If so, were there any surprises? Please elaborate

Future research suggestion is also made, such as exploring further interventions based on potentially modifiable risk factors that can be applied to minimize the rate of postpartum depression in women. The suggestion is expected considering most of the risk factors of postpartum depression can be reduced by improving the psychosocial aspects (alleviating violence and substance abuse).

         

References

Dennis, C. L., & Vigod, S. (2013). The relationship between postpartum depression, domestic violence, childhood violence, and substance use: Epidemiologic study of a large community sample. Violence against Women, 19(4), 503-517. DOI: 10.1177/1077801213487057

FILESPDFDOC

Respond to two colleague’s post by raising questions about the value of the evidence based on the quantitative or qualitative data analysis described by the classmate. Please use the resources to support your post.

Colleague 1
In the case study entitled, Social Work Research: Measuring Group Success, a group of eight female sexual abuse and/or incest survivors were participants in a treatment group over the course of 12 weeks (Plummer, Makris, & Brocksen, 2014). The women were given a pretest and posttest administration of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) (Plummer, Makris, & Brocksen, 2014) and were exposed to therapeutic treatment over the course of the study. The descriptive statistics that may be used to analyze data are the pretest summed scores of all participants that show symptoms they are experiencing, such as: depression 210, anxiety 138, and stress 190; and the posttest summed scores of: depression 45, anxiety 45, and stress 61. Rather than using each participants score, the sum of each category provides a simplified descriptive context for data analysis (Plummer, Makris, & Brocksen, 2014; Trochim, 2020). Inferential statistics may be applied by comparing the differences between the pretest and posttest scores, and making an inference as to the relationships.

            In practice, utilizing descriptive statistics can give researchers and social workers an idea of what the data is showing, whereas inferential statistics attempt to go beyond what the data show by making inferences about general conditions (Trochim, 2020). In the above study, a social worker may find the cumulative scores more manageable and they provide a glimpse of what is going on with the participants. By comparing both data sets, it may be inferred that the treatment process may have had a substantial impact on the participants reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stressso long as they are not simply the result of sampling error (Yegidis, Weinbach, & Myers, 2018). In understanding these relationships and applying them to future practice as a social worker, the provision of services may be more effective.

References

Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. M. (Eds.). (2014). Social work case studies: Foundation year.

            Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader]

Trochim, W. M. (2020). Descriptive statistics. Retrieved January 22, 2020, from 

            https://socialresearchmethods.net/kb/descriptive-statistics/

Yegidis, B. L., Weinbach, R. W., & Myers, L. L. (2018). Research methods for social workers (8th ed.).

            New York, NY: Pearson.

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Colleague  2
The case study evaluated a 12-week psychoeducational support group for survivors of trauma consisting of eight women (five of whom identified as Caucasian and three of whom were Hispanic in origin) who had a history of sexual abuse and/or incest (Plummer, 2014). I would utilize descriptive statistics to describe and measure the data collected from the support group. I would evaluate the range and frequency occurring within the data collected from analyzing every aspect of the survivors participating in the support group. Descriptive statistics allows you to understand the specific set of observations (Frost, 2018). With descriptive statistics, there is no uncertainty because you are describing only the people or items that you actually measure (Frost, 2018).  Youre not trying to infer properties about a larger population (Frost, 2018). This procedure allows us to gain more insights and visualize the data (Frost, 2018). As social workers you encounter various situations, working in the field evaluating findings using descriptive statistics can be very helpful in terms of educating yourself with a concise outline of data collected. This approach is easier to interpret and visualize.

Reference

Frost, J. (2018). Difference between Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. Retrieved from

                https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/descriptive-inferential-statistics/

Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. M. (Eds.). (2014). Social work case studies: Foundation year.

Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].

Social Work Research: Measuring Group Success

Respond to two colleague’s post by suggesting two alternative methods for measuring their phenomenon. Explain why your suggestions have value. Please use the resources to support your answer

Colleague  1
Identify the phenomenon you would measure and explain how you conceptualize this phenomenon.

The impact of older adults receiving intervention for their suffering from the ills of ageism.

I conceptualized this phenomenon by choosing the variables I would measure.

1.The two variables are, (the impact of receiving intervention or not receiving intervention) & 2. Their (suffering or not suffering from the ills of ageism).

The older adults who receive social work intervention for ageism, will be more productive in society then those older adults who dont receive intervention.

Provide at least 3 questions you would use to measure this phenomenon and explain how these questions operationalize the phenomenon.

What interventions are utilized by social workers to prevent the impact of societal ageism for this fast-growing population of older adults?                           
What changes will occur in society when large numbers of older adults receive the intervention needed for empowerment to combat the barriers of ageism? 
How can the social worker motivate 200 older adults, to participate and complete questionnaires pertaining to their demographic location, mental health condition, economic status, and physical health condition for study on ageism?

Define reliability in 2-3 sentences and give one example of how you would establish reliability for the questions you created.

Its important that while the researcher is doing a study, the test or tool being used formulates similar results, consistently, during diverse situations, because if the results are not consistent under various conditions it will be of just about no use (Yegidis, Weinbach & Myers, 2019, p. 236).

When I conduct my research with structure and accuracy, I will utilize pretest or questionnaires more than once to show reliability (Yegidis, Weinbach & Myers, 2019, p. 231).

  Define validity in 2-3 sentences and give one example of how you would establish validity for the questions you created.

The validity is about accuracy of a research or test, I have to make sure my instruments which are pre-test and post-test for the independent variable creates the same results for what it claims to measure for validity, no matter the amount of trials  (Yegidis, Weinbach & Myers, 2019, p. 237).

I will be able to show validity for my research by creating a culturally sensitive questionnaire geared for the older adult population, about ageism and the barriers it causes.

Create a measurement plan to assess the phenomenon.
Describe the methodology you would use to collect data using your measurement tool (your method for acquiring this research data).
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of your choices.

To create my measurement plan I have to choose a sample from a quantitative research participant, I will present data as pre-test, post- test and a questionnaire for extra data, because this is research for older adults, I want it to be structured with accurate measurements.  The advantage is that I will help this population regain empowerment to be productive in society and curb ageism, the disadvantage is that some older adults are not always available or consistent for the best results because of adversities and barriers.

Reference

Yegidis, B. L., Weinbach, R. W., & Myers, L. L. (2018). Research methods for social workers (8th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. (pp. 231, 236, 237).

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Colleague 2

COLLAPSE
Working in the field Ive encountered various emotions from my clients due to their mental and physical diagnoses, but we work hard to encourage them to not let their diagnoses define who they are. The phenomenon I would measure would be anger because its often their first reaction and is often projected towards their parents and/or staff members. To conceptualize anger, I would breakdown the dynamics of what triggers this emotion, understand why its often displayed, and why do they often project anger towards parents and staff. Before engaging with the client its best to allow them time and space to calm down and get a clear understanding as to what happened. The three questions I would utilize are the following:

What caused you to become angry and why?
Why do you instantly project your anger towards those who are only trying to help?
What can you do to prevent this problem rather than choosing to act out in anger?
I feel that the questions asked can help gain clarity on what causes the person to react the way that they do and potentially help to develop positive ways for them to express themselves and get the help that they may need. Often times anger is triggered from another emotion that a person is unable to control or understand. Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something (Middleton, 2019). If the same result can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable (Middleton, 2019). Ill check the reliability by using the test-retest method to check the consistency patterns with each question asked. The validity of a measurement can be estimated based on three main types of evidence (Middleton, 2019). Each type can be evaluated through expert judgement or statistical methods (Middleton, 2019). Utilizing a standardized questionnaire can establish validity to gain a perspective of the common triggers of anger amongst clients. By using standardized consistent questionnaires, I can understand what causes certain reactions and why. Im able to gain understanding of the specific group of individuals to help develop coping mechanisms. The advantage of the questionnaire would be that we would have a direct cause and effect of the clients actions to trigger points and ways to prevent it. Disadvantages would be if the client is unable to explain why they become angry or chooses to answer incorrectly.

Reference

Middleton, F. (2019). Reliability vs Validity: Whats the Difference? Retrieved from

            www.scribbr.com/methodology/reliability-vs-validity/.

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Respond by Day 5 to two colleague’s post by suggesting an alternative sampling structure for their research question as well as an alternate way of selecting the sample. Please use the Learning Resources to support your answer.

Colleague 1 –
COLLAPSE
            In Week 4, the research question, How does the impact of kinship care on grandparents affect grandchildren in their care? may be structured using probability or nonprobability sampling structures. In a probability sampling structure, a proportionate stratified random sampling of 25 percent of 1000 children in a particular school district and 1000 seniors (250 children and 250 seniors) may suffice (Yegidis, Weinbach, & Myers, 2018). Strengths of a probability structure and a proportionate stratified random sampling are such that there is a likelihood any number of children and grandparents partaking in kinship care would be selected and the ratio of grandchildren to grandparents would be equal. Limitations may exist in terms of lack of diversity, especially if the sampling of participants was not taken in a culturally/ethnically/or racially diverse area. Gender may also present limitations as grandmothers and grandfathers may experience differing health issues, and differing genders in children may also respond to the impact of kinship care on their grandparents in a different manner. Additionally, random sampling would not guarantee grandparent and grandchild sampling.

            A nonprobability sampling structure would not use random selection, and may be more appropriate because, in contrast to the randomly selected participants in a probability sample, they may be excluded if they do not contribute to the understanding of the research problem (Yegidis, Weinbach, & Myers, 2018). Purposive sampling of grandchildren and grandparents could provide the unique perspectives needed to address the research problem, and it may help describe the wide variety of coping methods grandchildren use in kinship care (Yegidis, Weinbach, & Myers, 2018, p. 216). Samples could be selected from clinics and hospitals who treat grandparents with health conditions and from school counseling departments or teachers who encounter children in kinship care. This type of sampling structure appears to pose difficulty in privacy matters and overall sampling objectives. Though it may be more representative of whom the research problem is seeking to understand, it is not without serious issues in gathering participants and data.

References

Yegidis, B. L., Weinbach, R. W., & Myers, L. L. (2018). Research methods for social

            workers (8th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

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Colleague 2

In the case of random sampling, stratified random sampling and cluster random sampling are key techniques relevant and applicable in the pre-defined research question. For example, the random cluster sampling will adopt a process of selecting participants, especially in a vast and expansive geographical area. Precisely, it will be ideal in instances where the LGBT clients, as well as the counselors, consist of multiple elements such as cities, families, or learning institutions. On the other hand, simple random sampling will adopt a random number table or a lottery system in selecting LGBT clients and counselors. Conversely, convenience sampling, as well as purposive sampling, is techniques applicable in non-probability sampling (Etikan, Musa, & Alkassim, 2016). In specific, the convenience sampling will entail the collection of data from LGBT clients and counselors from a convenient location. On the other hand, purposive sampling will select participating LGBT clients and counselors based on their knowledge of the specific population.

Section Two

To obtain an ideal sample from the rest of the population, it is imperative to identify the ideal sample that will be representing the entire population. As a result, Both LGBT clients, as well as counselors, will be considered as participants as outlined in the pre-defined research study. In the selection of the LGBT clients and counselors, the proposed research study will adopt a stratified random sampling.

Section Three

            Probability sampling and non-probability sampling are some of the common techniques that are widely applicable in empirical quantitative research studies. On the one hand, a non-probability sampling technique refers to an approach in which the odds of any member of a member selected as a sample cannot be determined through calculation (Yegidis, Weinbach, & Myers, 2017). On the other hand, probability sampling entails the technique of selecting representatives from an expansive population through a theory-based approach of probability. For instance, for a participant to be part of the sample, one has to undergo random selection. However, there are many sub-categories in both the probability as well as non-probability sampling techniques (Bacher, 2019). Some of the key merits of non-probability sampling include the time and cost-effectiveness of the technique.

Furthermore, non-probability sampling is widely applicable, particularly in instances where probability sampling is impractical. Nonetheless, lack of depth, particularly in the representation of a population, is a major demerit of non-probability sampling. As opposed to non-probability sampling, some of the notable advantages of probability sampling include simplicity as well as the non-technical aspects of the approach (Sharma, 2017). However, the fair share of its disadvantages is evident in its ineffectiveness, especially in large populations.

References

Bacher, J. (2019). Probability and Nonprobability Sampling: Representative Surveys of hard-to-reach and hard-to-ask populations. Current surveys between the poles of theory and practice.

Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4.

Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749-752.

Yegidis, B. L., Weinbach, R. W., & Myers, L. L. (2017). Research methods for social workers. Pearson.

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